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This article lists and summarizes War Crimes committed since the Hague Convention of 1907. In addition, those incidents which have been judged in a court of justice to be Crimes Against Peace that have been committed since these crimes were first defined are also included.This list is a work in progress and is not complete
Since many war crimes are not ultimately prosecuted (due to lack of political will, lack of effective procedures, or other practical and political reasonsComment by The Times, November 21 2006 p.17, in relation to Jean-Pierre Bemba of the Congo: "There was nothing funny about his soldiers\' actions in Eastern Congo... Among the crimes alleged are mass murder, rape and acts of cannibalism. Yet one senior UN diplomat has indicated privately that for the sake of peace, the investigation [by the International Criminal Court] into Bemba\'s responsibility may be sidelined. It isn\'t just in Congo that trade-offs are being made. [...] Skeptics point out that those who have stood trial so far have either been defeated in war or are retired and irrelevant. They insist there would be no chance of hauling powerful political figures in Washington and London before a court to answer for their actions..."), historians and lawyers will often make a serious case that war crimes occurred, even if there was no formal investigations or prosecution of the alleged crimes or an investigation cleared the alleged perpetrators.
War crimes under international law were firmly established by international trials such as the 1945 Nuremberg Major War Crimes Trials and the Tokyo trial of 1946, in which German and Japanese leaders were prosecuted for war crimes committed during World War II. For purpose of selectivity, only war crimes since the customary laws of war were clarified in the Hague Conventions of 1907 are included, because in the judgement at the Major War Crimes Trial in Nuremberg in 1945, it was stated that "by 1939 these rules laid down in the Hague Convention of 1907 were recognised by all civilised nations, and were regarded as being declaratory of the laws and customs of war".Jugement: The Law Relating to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity
This section includes war crimes until 8 December 1941 when the United States declared war on Japan so entering World War II. For war crimes after this date see the section called World War II: Japan perpetrated crimes.
The Axis Powers were perhaps the most systematic perpetrators of war crimes in human history. Contributing factors included Nazi race theory, a desire for "living space" that justified the eradication of native populations, and militaristic indoctrination that encouraged the terrorization of conquered peoples and prisoners of war. The Holocaust, the German attack on Russia and occupation of Western Europe, the Japanese occupation of Manchuria and attack on China, and the Italian conquest of Ethiopia contributed to well over half of the civilian deaths in World War II and the conflicts that led up to the war.
Numerous concentration camps were built in Croatia, most notably Jasenovac (in Croatian: Logor Jasenovac in Serbian: Логор Јасеновац / Logor Jasenovac), the largest, where hundreds of thousands of Serbs, Gypsies (Roma), Jews and some Croatian dissidents died. It was established by the Ustaša regime of the Independent State of Croatia in August 1941 and not dismantled until April 1945, shortly before the end of the war.
Jasenovac was a complex of five subcamps and three smaller camps spread out over 240 square kilometers (93 square miles), in relatively close proximity to each other, on the bank of the Sava river. Most of the camp was at Jasenovac, about 100 km (62 miles) southeast of Zagreb. The complex also included large grounds at Donja Gradina directly across the Sava river, a camp for children in Sisak to the northwest, and a women\'s camp in Stara Gradiška to the southeast.
Ante Pavelić, leader of the Ustasha, fled to Madrid, and was never extradited to stand trial for his war crimes.
According to the Nuremberg Trials, there were four major war crimes that were alleged against German military (and Waffen-SS and NSDAP) men and officers, each with individual events that made up the major charges.
1. Participation in a common plan of conspiracy for the accomplishment of crimes against peace
2. Planning, initiating and waging wars of aggression and other crimes against peace
3. War Crimes These were limited to atrocities against combatants or conventional crimes committed by military units (see War crimes of the Wehrmacht), and include:
4. Crimes against Humanity These were crimes that were committed well away from the lines of battle and were unconnected in any way to military activity.
Other crimes against humanity included:
Well over 10 million people were systematically killed by the Nazi regime (some accountings place the figure at over 20 million) from crimes against humanity, in particular the Holocaust. Of this figure, the largest amount of deaths happened among the Jews. The common estimate is that 5 to 6 million Jews were killed by the Nazis, although a complete count may never be known. After the war, the Nazi regime was put on trial in two tribunals in Nuremberg, Germany by the victorious Allied powers from 1945 to 1949. The first tribunal indicted 24 major Nazi war criminals, and resulted in 19 convictions (of which 12 led to death sentences) and 3 acquittals. The second tribunal indicted 185 members of the military, economic, and political leadership of Nazi Germany, of which 142 were convicted and 35 were acquitted. In subsequent decades, approximately 20 additional war criminals who escaped capture in the immediate aftermath of World War II were tried in West Germany and Israel. In Germany and many other European nations, the Nazi Party is outlawed.
| Incident | Type of crime | Persons responsible | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ip massacre[citation needed] | Murder of civilians | no prosecutions |
This section includes war crimes from 8 December 1941 when the United States declared war on Japan so entering World War II. For war crimes before this date which took place during the Second Sino-Japanese War please see the section above called 1937-1945: Second Sino-Japanese War.
| Incident | Type of crime | Persons responsible | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| World War II[citation needed] | Crimes against peace | General Doihara Kenji, Baron Hirota Koki, General Itagaki Seishiro, General Kimura Heitaro, General Matsui Iwane, General Muto Akira, General Tojo Hideki, General Araki Sadao, Colonel Hashimoto Kingoro, Field Marshal Hata Shunroku, Baron Hiranuma Kiichiro, Hoshino Naoki, Kaya Okinori, Marquis Kido Kōichi, General Koiso Kuniaki, General Minami Jiro, Admiral Oka Takasumi, General Oshima Hiroshi, General Sato Kenryo, Admiral Shimada Shigetaro, Shiratori Toshio, General Suzuki Teiichi, General Umezu Yoshijiro, Togo Shigenori, Shigemitsu Mamoru | Were tried by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East |
| Waging aggressive war against the British Commonwealth (count 31 at the Tokyo Trials) | Kenji Doihara, Shunroku Hata, Kiichiro Hiranuma, Naoki Hoshino, Seishiro Itagaki, Okinori Kaya, Koichi Kido, Heitaro Kimura, Kuniaki Koiso, Akira Muto, Takasumi Oka, Kenryo Sato, Mamoru Shigemitsu, Shigetaro Shimada,Teiichi Suzuki, Shigenori Togo, Hideki Tojo, Yoshijiro Umezu | War started with attacks on Hongkong and Malaya | |
| Waging aggressive war against the Netherlands(count 32 at the Tokyo Trials) | Kenji Doihara, Shunroku Hata, Kiichiro Hiranuma, Naoki Hoshino, Seishiro Itagaki, Okinori Kaya, Koichi Kido, Heitaro Kimura, Kuniaki Koiso, Akira Muto, Takasumi Oka, Kenryo Sato, Mamoru Shigemitsu, Shigetaro Shimada,Teiichi Suzuki, Shigenori Togo, Hideki Tojo, Yoshijiro Umezu | ||
| Waging aggressive war against France in Indochina (count 33 at the Tokyo Trials) | Mamoru Shigemitsu, Hideki Tojo | ||
| Waging aggressive war against the USSR (counts 35 and 36 or both at the Tokyo Trials) | Kenji Doihara, Kiichiro Hiranuma, Seishiro Itagaki | ||
| "ordered, authorized, and permitted" inhumane treatment of Prisoners of War (POWs) and others. (count 54 at the Tokyo Trials) | Kenji Doihara, Seishiro Itagaki, Heitaro Kimura, Akira Muto, Hideki Tojo | ||
| "deliberately and recklessly disregarded their duty" to take adequate steps to prevent atrocities. (counts 55 at the Tokyo Trials) | Shunroku Hata, Koki Hirota, Heitaro Kimura, Kuniaki Koiso, Iwane Matsui, Akira Muto, Mamoru Shigemitsu | ||
| Banka Island Massacre,[citation needed] Dutch East Indies, 1942 | Murder of civilians | no prosecutions | The merchant ship Vyner Brooke was sunk by Japanese aircraft. The survivors who made it to Banka Island were all shot or bayonetted. One nurse Vivian Bullwinkel survived the massacre and later testified at a war crimes trial in Tokyo in 1947Banka Island Massacre (1942) |
| Bataan Death March,[citation needed] Philippines, 1942[citation needed] | Torture and murder of POWs | General Masaharu Homma was convicted by an Allied commission of war crimes, including the atrocities of the death march out of Bataan, and the atrocities at Camp O\'Donnell and Cabanatuan that followed. He was executed on April 3, 1946 outside Manila. | Approximately 75,000 Filipino and US soldiers, commanded by Major General Edward P. King, Jr. formally surrendered to the Japanese, under General Masaharu Homma, on April 9, 1942, which forced Japan to accept emaciated captives outnumbering them. Captives were forced to march, beginning the next day, about 100 kilometers north to Nueva Ecija to Camp O\'Donnell, a prison camp. Prisoners of war were beaten randomly and denied food and water for several days. Those who fell behind were executed through various means: shot, beheaded or bayoneted. Deaths estimated at 650-1,500 U.S. and 2,000 to over 5,000 Filipino-,[2] |
| Operation Sankō (Three Alls Policy)[citation needed] | Extermination of civilians | General Yasuji Okamura | Authorized in December 1941 to implement a scorched earth policy in North China by Imperial General Headquarters. According to historian Mitsuyoshi Himeta, "more than 2,7 millions" civilians were killed in this operation that began in May 1942. |
| Parit Sulong massacre,[citation needed] Malaysia, 1942 | Murder of POWs | Lieutenant General Takuma Nishimura, was convicted for this crime by an Australian Military Court and hanged on June 11, 1951.ThisIsFolkestone.co.uk | Recently captured Australian and Indian POWs, who had been too badly wounded to escape through the jungle, were murdered by Japanese soldiers. Accounts differ on how they were killed. Two wounded Australians managed to escape the massacre and provide eyewitness accounts of the Japanese treatment of wounded prisoners of war, as did locals who witnessed the massacre. Official records indicate that 150 wounded men were killed. |
| Laha massacre,[citation needed] 1942 | Murder of POWs | In 1946, the Laha massacre and other incidents which followed the fall of Ambon became the subject of the largest ever war crimes trial, when 93 Japanese personnel were tried by an Australian tribunal, at Ambon. Among other convictions, four men were executed as a result. Commander Kunito Hatakeyama, who was in direct command of the four massacres, was hanged; Rear Admiral Koichiro Hatakeyama, who was found to have ordered the killings, died before he could be tried.Fall of Ambon Massacred at Laha | After the battle Battle of Ambon, more than 300 Australian and Dutch prisoners of war were chosen at random and summarily executed, at or near Laha airfield in four separate massacres. "The Laha massacre was the largest of the atrocities committed against captured Allied troops in 1942.". Dr Peter Stanley The defence of the \'Malay barrier\': Rabaul and Ambon, January 1942 principal historian to Australian War Memorial |
| Alexandra Hospital massacre, Battle of Singapore, 1942 | Murder of civilians | no prosecutions | At about 1pm on February 14, Japanese soldiers approached Alexandra Barracks Hospital. Although no resistance was offered, some of them shot or bayoneted staff members and patients. More staff and patients were murdered over the next two days.Alexandra Massacre. Retrieved on December 7, 2005. |
| Sook Ching Massacre, 1942[citation needed] | Murder of civilians | In 1947, the British Colonial authorities in Singapore held a war crimes trial to bring the perpetrators to justice. Seven officers, were charged with carrying out the massacre. While Lieutenant General Saburo Kawamura, Lieutenant Colonel Masayuki Oishi received the death penalty, the other five received life sentences | The massacre was a systematic extermination of perceived hostile elements among the Chinese in Singapore by the Japanese military administration during the Japanese Occupation of Singapore, after the British colony surrendered in the Battle of Singapore on 15 February 1942. |
| Manila Massacre[citation needed] | Murder of civilians | Tomoyuki Yamashita commander, Akira Muto chief of staff | As commander of the 14th Area Army in the Philippines, Gen. Yamashita failed to stop his troops from killing over 100,000 Filipino citizens of Manila during the fighting with both native resistance forces and elements of the Sixth U.S. Army during the capture of the city in February, 1945. Yamashita pleaded inability to act and lack of knowledge of the massacre, due to his commanding other operations int the area. The defense failed, establishing the Yamashita Standard, which holds that a commander who makes no meaningful effort to uncover and stop atrocities is as culpable as if he had ordered them. His chief of staff Akira Muto was condemned by the Tokyo tribunal. |
| Unit 100[citation needed] | biological warfare experiments on humans | no prosecutions | |
| Unit 731[citation needed] | violating human right laws | 12 members of the Kantogun were found guilty for the manufacture and use of biological weapons. Including: General Yamada Otsuzo, former Commander-in-Chief of the Kwantung Army and Major General Kawashima Kiyoshi, former Chief of Unit 731. | The Soviet Union tried some members of Unit 731 at the Khabarovsk War Crime Trials. However those who surrendered to the Americans were never brought to trial as General Douglas MacArthur, Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers, secretly granted immunity to the physicians of Unit 731 in exchange for providing America with their research on biological weapons Hal Gold, Unit 731 Testimony, 2003, p.97 . |
| Unit 8604[citation needed] | biological warfare experiments on humans | no prosecutions | |
| Unit 9420[citation needed] | biological warfare experiments on humans | no prosecutions | |
| Unit Ei 1644[citation needed] | violating human rights | no prosecutions | Unit 1644 conducted tests to determine human susceptibility to a variety of harmful stimuli ranging from infectious diseases to poison gas. It was the largest germ experimentation center in China. Unit 1644 regularly carried out human vivisections as well as infecting humans with cholera, typhus, and bubonic plague. |
| construction of Burma-Thai Railway, the "Death Railway"[citation needed] | POWs forced to support war effort | no prosecutions | |
| Comfort Women[citation needed] | violating human rights laws | no prosecutions | Women were forced to work in Japanese military brothels. |
| Sandakan Death Marches[citation needed] | Murder of civilian slave laborers and POWs | Three Allied POWs survived to give evidence at war crimes trials in Tokyo and Rabaul. Hokijima was found guilty and hanged on April 6, 1946 | |
| War Crimes in Manchukuo | Slave labor | Kōa-in | According to historian Zhifen Ju, more than 10 million Chinese civilians were mobilized by the Imperial Japanese Army for slave labor in Manchukuo under the supervision of the Kōa-in. Zhifen Ju, Japan\'s atrocities of conscripting and abusing north China draftees after the outbreak of the Pacific war, 2002. |
| Kaimingye germ weapon attack[citation needed] | use of biological weapons | no prosecutions | These alleged attacks were a joint Unit 731 and Unit Ei 1644 endeavor. |
| Alleged Changteh Chemical Weapon Attack April and May, 1943[citation needed] | use of chemical and biological weapons | no prosecutions | Alleged Chemical weapons supplied by Unit 516. |
| Incident | type of crime | Persons responsible | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Iasi pogrom[citation needed] | murder of civilians, ethnic cleansing | no prosecutions | |
| Odessa massacre[citation needed] | murder of civilians, ethnic cleansing | no prosecutions | |
| Aita Seaca massacre[citation needed] |
| Incident | Type of crime | Persons responsible | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Unrestricted submarine warfare against merchant shipping | Breach of London Naval Treaty(1930) | no prosecutions | It was the conclusion of the Nuremberg Trials of Karl Dönitz that Britain had been in breach of the Treaty "in particular of an order of the British Admiralty announced on the 8 May, 1940, according to which all vessels should be sunk at sight in the Skagerrak"Judgement : Doenitz the Avalon Project at the Yale Law School |
| Incident | Type of crime | Persons responsible | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Unrestricted submarine warfare against merchant shipping | Breach of London Naval Treaty (1930) | no prosecutions | During the post war Nuremberg Trials, in evidence presented at the trial of Karl Dönitz on his orders to the U-boat fleet to breach the London Rules, Admiral Chester Nimitz stated that unrestricted submarine warfare was carried on in the Pacific Ocean by the United States from the first day that nation entered the war. |
| Canicattì massacre[citation needed] | Murder of civilians | no prosecutions | During the Allied invasion of Sicily, eight civilians, including an eleven year old girl, were killed, though the exact number of casualties is uncertain. [4] The incident was covered up fearing that it would lead to reprisals from the civilian population. |
| Biscari massacre[citation needed] | Murder of POWs | Sergeant Horace T. West: court-martialed and was found guilty, stripped of rank and sentenced to life in prison, though he was later released as a private. Captain John T. Compton was court-martialed for killing 40 POWs in his charge. He claimed to be following orders. The investigating officer and the Judge Advocate declared that Compton\'s actions were unlawful, but he was acquitted. | Following the capture of Biscari Airfield in Sicily on July 14, 1943, seventy-six German and Italian POWs were shot by American troops of the 180th Regimental Combat Team, 45th Division during the Allied invasion of Sicily. These killings occurred in two separate incidents between July and August 1943. |
| Dachau massacre[citation needed] | Murder of POWs | no prosecutions | |
| Salina, Utah POW massacre[citation needed] | Murder of POWs | Private Clarence V. Bertucci determined to be insane and confined to a mental institution | Private Clarence V. Bertucci fired a machine gun from one of the guard towers into the tents that were being used to accommodate the German prisoners of war. Nine were killed and 20 were injured. |
| Atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki | Japan, 1945: A Japanese court stated in a judicial review that the attacks were on undefended cities. | no prosecutions | In 1963 the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were the subject of a judicial review in Ryuichi Shimoda et al. v. The State. Shimoda et al. v. The State, Tokyo District Court, 7 December 1963 The District Court of Tokyo declined to rule on the legality of nuclear weapons in general, but found that "the attacks upon Hiroshima and Nagasaki caused such severe and indiscriminate suffering that they did violate the most basic legal principles governing the conduct of war."Falk, Richard A.. "The Claimants of Hiroshima", The Nation, 1965-02-15. reprinted in (1966) "The Shimoda Case: Challenge and Response", in Richard A. Falk, Saul H. Mendlovitz eds.: The Strategy of World Order. Volume: 1. New York: World Law Fund, pp. 307-13. Francisco Gómez points out in an article published in the International Review of the Red Cross that, with respect to the "anti-city" or "blitz" strategy, that "in examining these events in the light of international humanitarian law, it should be borne in mind that during the Second World War there was no agreement, treaty, convention or any other instrument governing the protection of the civilian population or civilian property." International Review of the Red Cross no 323, p.347-363 The Law of Air Warfare (1998) The United States have stated that they consider the possibility that the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings could be considered war crimes to be "intolerable and unacceptable", and that this is one of the major reasons for their not agreeing to be bound by the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.John Bolton The Risks and Weaknesses of the International Criminal Court from America\'s Perspective, (page 4) Law and Contemporary Problems January 2001, while US ambassador to the United Nations |
| Rheinwiesenlager U.S. (and French) abuse of German PoWs, 1945-1948 | Deaths of POWs | no prosecutions | The Rheinwiesenlager (Rhine meadow camps) were transit camps for millions of German POWs after World War II. There were at least thousands of deaths, dying mostly from starvation and exposure. These estimates range from just over 3,000 to as many as 71,000. |
| American Mutilation of Japanese War Dead Xavier Guillaume, "A Heterology of American GIs during World War II". H-US-Japan\' (July, 2003). Access date: January 4, 2008. James J. Weingartner “Trophies of War: U.S. Troops and the Mutilation of Japanese War Dead, 1941 – 1945” Pacific Historical Review (1992)Simon Harrison “Skull Trophies of the Pacific War: transgressive objects of remembrance” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (N.S) 12, 817-836 (2006) | Abuse of Remains | - | Many dead Japanese were desecrated and/or mutilated, for example by urinating on them, shooting corpses, or taking Japanese body parts (such as skulls) as souvenirs or trophies. This is in violation of the 1929 Geneva Convention on the sick and wounded, which provided that: After every engagement, the belligerent who remains in possession of the field shall take measures to search for wounded and the dead and to protect them from robbery and ill treatment.James J. Weingartner “Trophies of War: U.S. Troops and the Mutilation of Japanese War Dead, 1941 – 1945” Pacific Historical Review (1992) p.59” |
| Armed conflict | Perpetrator | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Yugoslavia campaign | Yugoslavian partisans | ||
| Incident | Type of crime | Persons responsible | Notes |
| Foibe massacres | Murder of prisoners of war and civilians | no prosecutions | Following Italy\'s 1943 armistice with the Allied powers, Yugoslavian resistance forces executed an estimated 1,300-1,600 Italian troops and ethnic Italians living in Slovenian/Croatian territories adjacent to Italy.see the article Foibe massacres, (lots of references but no citations) |
| Bleiburg massacre | Murder of prisoners of war and civilians | no prosecutions | The victims were Croatian soldiers and civilians (as well as a number of Chetniks), executed without trial as an act of vengeance for the crimes committed by the pro-Axis Ustaše regime controlled territories during World War IIWords from the article Bleiburg massacre, (lots of references no citations). Estimates vary, from 30,000 to 55,000. |
| Armed conflict | Perpetrator | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Vietnam War | United States | ||
| Incident | Type of crime | Persons responsible | Notes |
| My Lai Massacre[citation needed] | Murder of civilians | Lt. William Calley convicted in 1971 of premeditated murder of 22 civilians for his role in the massacre and sentenced to life in prison. He served 3½ years under house arrest. | In March, 1968, a US army platoon led by Lt. William Calley killed (and in some cases raped) hundreds of civilians – primarily women, children, and old men – in the village of My Lai. 26 US soldiers, including 14 officers, were charged with crimes related to the My Lai massacre and its coverup. Most of the charges were eventually dropped, and only Lt. Calley was convicted. |
| Operation Ranch Hand[citation needed] | Use of chemical weapon on civilians | no prosecutions | |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:
| Armed conflict | Perpetrator | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1971 Bangladesh War | Pakistan | ||
| Incident | Type of crime | Persons responsible | Notes |
| 1971 Bangladesh atrocities | murder of civilians; genocide | Allegedly the Pakistan Government, and the Pakistan Army and its local collaborators. A case was filed in the Federal Court of Australia on September 20, 2006 for crimes of Genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity.[5] | During the Bangladesh War of 1971, widespread atrocities were committed against the Bengali population of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), at a level that within Bangladesh, ‘genocide’ is the term that is still used to describe the event in almost every major publication and newspaper.Editorial The Jamaat Talks Backin The Bangladesh Observer December 30, 2005Dr. N. Rabbee Remembering a Martyr Star weekend Magazine, The [[Daily Star (Bangladesh)|]] December 16, 2005 Although the word ‘genocide’ was and is still used frequently amongst observers and scholars of the events that transpired during the 1971 war, the allegations that a genocide took place during the Bangladesh War of 1971 were never investigated by an international tribunal set up under the auspices of the United Nations, so the alleged genocide is not recognised as a genocide under international law. |
| Civilian Casualties | murder of civilians | no prosecutions | The number of civilians that died in the liberation war of Bangladesh is not known in any reliable accuracy. There has been a great disparity in the casualty figures put forth by Pakistan on one hand (26,000, as reported in the Hamoodur Rahman CommissionHamoodur Rahman Commission, Chapter 2, Paragraph 33) and India and Bangladesh on the other hand (From 1972 to 1975 the first post-war prime minister of Bangladesh, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, mentioned that 3 million died on a dozen occasionsF. Hossain Genocide 1971 Correspondence with the Guinness Book of Records on the number of dead). |
| Atrocities on women and minorities | torture, rape and murder of civilians | no prosecutions | The minorities of Bangladesh, especially the Hindus, were specific targets of the Pakistan army.U.S. Consulate (Dacca) Cable, Sitrep: Army Terror Campaign Continues in Dacca; Evidence Military Faces Some Difficulties Elsewhere, March 31, 1971, Confidential, 3 pp Numerous East Pakistani women were tortured, raped and killed during the war. The exact numbers are not known and are a subject of debate. Bangladeshi sources cite a figure of 200,000 women raped, giving birth to thousands of war-babies. Some other sources, for example Susan Brownmiller, refer to an even higher number of over 400,000. Pakistani sources claim the number is much lower, though having not completely denied rape incidents.Debasish Roy Chowdhury \'Indians are bastards anyway\' in Asia Times June 23, 2005
"In Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape, Susan Brownmiller likens it to the Japanese rapes in Nanjing and German rapes in Russia during World War II. "... 200,000, 300,000 or possibly 400,000 women (three sets of statistics have been variously quoted) were raped."" Brownmiller, Susan, "Against Our Will : Men, Women, and Rape" ISBN 0-449-90820-8, page 81Hamoodur Rahman Commission, Chapter 2, Paragraphs 32,34 |
| Killing of intellectuals | murder of civilians | no prosecutions | During the war, the Pakistan Army and its local collaborators carried out a systematic execution of the leading Bengali intellectuals. A number of university professors from Dhaka University were killed during the first few days of the war.Blood, Archer, Transcript of Selective Genocide Telex, Department of State, United StatesAjoy Roy, "Homage to my martyr colleagues", 2002 However, the most extreme cases of targeted killing of intellectuals took place during the last few days of the war. On December 14, 1971, only two days before surrendering to the Indian military and the Mukhti Bahini forces, the Pakistani army – with the assistance of the Al Badr and Al Shams – systematically executed well over 200 of East Pakistan\'s intellectuals and scholars.Shahiduzzaman No count of the nation’s intellectual loss The New Age, December 15, 2005Killing of Intellectuals Asiatic Society of Bangladesh |
Cambodian Civil War. Khmer Rouge killed many persons due to political affiliation, education, class origin, occupation, and ethnicity. 12
Lao civil war. Murder of the royal family and people associated with the former government in re-education camps.
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